One sample analysis in R-In statistics, we can define the corresponding null hypothesis  (H0) as follow: Hypothesis: 1.      H0:m=μ,  2.      H0:m≤μ 3.      H0:m≥μ The corresponding alternative hypotheses (Ha) are as follow: 1.      Ha:m≠μ (different) 2.      Ha:m>μ (greater) 3.      Ha:m<μ (less) Outlier Detection: Out.fun<-function{abs(x-mean(x,na.rm=TRUE))>3*sd(x,na.rm=TRUE)} ddply(data,.(sample, variable),transform,outlier.team=out.fun(value)) column heading...