How to do log transformation in R?, when working with statistics, it occasionally happens that data become skewed, with higher concentrations at one end and lower values at the other. As a result, there...
How to Use Spread Function in R, A key-value pair can be “spread” across numerous columns using the tidyr package’s spread() function. The basic syntax used by this function is as follows. Free Data...
How to Arrange the Bars in ggplot2?, The frequencies of several types of data can be shown using bar charts. The bars are arranged in the following sequences by default in ggplot2 bar charts:...
R Recursive Functions, In its most basic form, recursion is a looping process. It makes use of the fundamentals of R’s functions. When a function calls itself, this is referred to as recursion. This...
Basic statistics concepts, The Z value is a measure of standard deviation, or how far the observed value deviates from the mean. For example, the value of z value = +1.8 indicates that the...
Why Python is an Important and Useful?. Python refers to a high-level language for programming which serves a general purpose and is extremely popular among programmers. Python programming language is used in machine learning...
Nonlinear Regression Analysis in R, when at least one of the parameters in a regression appears to be nonlinear, it is called nonlinear regression. It is often used to sort and analyze data from...
Set Axis Label Position in ggplot2, To change the axis label location in ggplot2, use the following syntax. theme(axis.title.x = element_text(margin=margin(t=70)), axis.title.y = element_text(margin=margin(r=40))) For the margin argument, you can use the letters t,...
Reorder Boxplots in R, you may need to reorder boxplots frequently. The examples below demonstrate how to accomplish it using two distinct methods. Method 1: Reorder based on a predetermined sequence The built-in airquality...
Common Misconceptions About Machine Learning, what is the relationship between machine learning and statistics? Are they distinct fields in their own right? What role do statistics play in machine learning? Is the meteoric ascent...
The kappa coefficient, which is used to determine inter-rater reliability or agreement, is explained in this article. The magnitude of kappa is frequently more important in most applications than the statistical significance of kappa....
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