One proportion Z Test in R

One proportion Z Test in R, One proportion Z-Test is a statistical test that is used to determine whether the difference between observed and expected frequencies for a categorical variable is significant or due to chance.

It is a hypothesis-testing method that helps researchers make inferences about a population based on a sample. In this article, we will discuss how to perform a one-proportion Z-Test in R.

Formulation of the Hypothesis:

Before performing a one-proportion Z-Test, it is necessary to formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

The null hypothesis (H0) assumes that there is no significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies for a categorical variable.

It is usually written as:

H0: p = p0

where p is the proportion of the sample with a particular characteristic and p0 is the hypothesized proportion.

The alternative hypothesis (H1) assumes that there is a significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies for a categorical variable. It can be either one-tailed or two-tailed and is usually written as:

H1: p ≠ p0 (two-tailed)
H1: p > p0 (one-tailed)
H1: p < p0 (one-tailed)

In the following sections, we will provide examples of how to perform a one-proportion Z-Test in R.

Example 1: One-Tailed Z-Test

In this example, we will use a dataset that contains information about 1000 people and whether or not they have a specific disease.

We want to test the hypothesis that the proportion of people with the disease is greater than 10% using a one-tailed Z-Test.

First, we need to load the dataset:

disease_data <- read.csv("disease_data.csv")

Next, we can calculate the proportion of people with the disease:

n_total <- nrow(disease_data)
n_disease <- sum(disease_data$disease == "Yes")
p_disease <- n_disease / n_total

Then, we can specify the null and alternative hypotheses:

p0 <- 0.1
H0 <- paste0("p =", p0)
H1 <- paste0("p >", p0)

We can now conduct the one-tailed Z-Test using the ‘prop.test’ function:

z_test <- prop.test(n_disease, n_total, p = p0, alternative = "greater")

Finally, we can extract the test statistic, critical value, and p-value from the Z-Test output using the ‘summary’ function:

summary(z_test)

The output will display the test statistic, the critical value, the p-value, and a conclusion based on the test results.

In this case, because the p-value is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of people with the disease is significantly higher than 10%.

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Example 2: Two-Tailed Z-Test

In this example, we will use a dataset that contains information about 1000 people and whether or not they have a specific gene variant.

We want to test the hypothesis that the proportion of people with the gene variant is not equal to 15% using a two-tailed Z-Test.

Let’s load the dataset:

gene_data <- read.csv("gene_data.csv")

Next, we can calculate the proportion of people with the gene variant:

n_total <- nrow(gene_data)
n_variant <- sum(gene_data$variant == "Yes")
p_variant <- n_variant / n_total

Then, we can specify the null and alternative hypotheses:

p0 <- 0.15
H0 <- paste0("p =", p0)
H1 <- paste0("p ≠", p0)

We can now conduct the two-tailed Z-Test using the ‘prop.test’ function:

z_test <- prop.test(n_variant, n_total, p = p0, alternative = "two.sided")

Finally, we can extract the test statistic, critical value, and p-value from the Z-Test output using the ‘summary’ function:

summary(z_test)

The output will display the test statistic, the critical value, the p-value, and a conclusion based on the test results.

In this case, because the p-value is greater than 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no evidence of a significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies of the gene variant.

Example 3: Conducting Z-Test using Manual Calculation

In this example, we will provide a manual calculation for a one-tailed Z-Test. We will use the same dataset as Example 1.

First, we need to calculate the standard error of the proportion:

se <- sqrt(p_disease * (1 - p_disease) / n_total)

Next, we can calculate the test statistic:

z <- (p_disease - p0) / se

Finally, we can calculate the p-value using the ‘pnorm’ function:

p_value <- 1 - pnorm(z)

The p-value will be the same as the one calculated in Example 1.

Conclusion:

In this article, we have demonstrated how to perform a one proportion Z-Test in R using both the ‘prop.test’ function and manual calculation.

The one proportion Z-Test is a hypothesis testing method that helps researchers make inferences about a population based on a sample.

By utilizing the examples provided in this article, researchers can use the one proportion Z-Test to test hypotheses related to proportions in their datasets.

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